EYE
*CHECK CORNERS OF EYE, OUTER CORNER SITS HIGHER AND FURTHER BACK, INNER CORNER WITH PINK ISLAND (CARUNCULA) SEPERATED FROM WHITE BY PINK SLIP
*EYEBALL IN EYE SOCKET
*PROPORTION COLOURED TO WHITE
*PUPIL, BLACK SPOT CENTER CORNEA,DILATES
*CORNEA CIRCLE ON SPHERE
*DARK RIM AROUND CORNEA
*GIVE EYELIDS THICKNESS, TOP LID DARK DOWN PLANE, LOWER LID LIGHT UP PLANE, TOP LID MOVES AND SITS FURTHER IN FRONT
*LIGHT PATCH BETWEEN INNER CORNER AND DARK ACCENT OF EYE SOCKET
*DON’T UNDERESTIMATE SPACE BETWEEN EYE AND NOSE
*DON’T UNDERESTIMATE SAUSAGE OF EYE
*MEASURE EYEBROWS, HIGHPOINT WHERE TONE CHANGES
MOUTH
*PHILTRHM, SHALLOW PLANE BREAKS, DOES NOT JOIN TOP LIP
*CENTER LINE THRU PHILTRUM FOR NOSE –MOUTH ALIGNMEMT
*CHECK CORNERS, SHOW FURROWS
*TOP LIP DOWNPLANE, SHARP CENTER LINE
*EMPHASIZE LINE BETWEEN LIPS
*BOTTOM LIP, EGGSHAPES EITHER SIDE CENTER LINE, PLANE BREAKES ON SIDE
*CHECK DOWNPLANE BETWEEN BOTTOM LIP AND CHIN
*CHIN EMBEDDED EGG SHAPE
*LIGHT MARGIN AROUND LIPS
NOSE
*FOUR PLANES, TWO SIDEPLANES, FRONT AND DOWNPLANE WITH NOSTRILS
*VALLEY HIGHLIGHT WHERE NOSE PROTRUBES FROM BROW
*BREAK WHERE BONE MEETS CARTILAGE
*TIP OF NOSE LARGER, LOOK FOR DIVIDING LINE WITH PROTRUBING POINTS
*NASAL WINGS EMBEDDED BALL SHAPES, WRAPS AROUND NOSTRILS
*FURROW BETWEEN WINGS AND CHEEKS
EAR
*SPACE BETWEEN EAR AND SIDELEVER
*SPACE BETWEEN EAR AND HAIRLINE
*CHECK ANGLE EAR(FOLLOWS JAW LINE),
*DON’T PLACE EAR TOO CLOSE TO FACE
*HELIX, CURVED OUTER RIM
*ANTI-HELIX,INNER RIM FORMS A Y-SHAPE
*CONCHA, DEEP EAR CAVITY
*TRARGUS SMALL LUMP IN FRONT OF CONCHA, HAIRS GROW HERE
*ANTI-TRAGUS SMALL LUMP OPPOSITE TRAGUS
*LOBE,SOFT,OVAL
HEAD
*BIG SHAPE ALWAYS FIRST THEN SUBDIVIDE INTO NEXT LARGEST SHAPES( THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE IN DRAWING AND PAINTING)
*LARGE PLANE BREAKS ARE 1. TEMPERAL LINE TO CHIN (FORMS TRIANGLE OF FACE, SEPERATES FRONT AND SIDE OF HEAD, CHEEK IS EMBEDDED EGG SHAPE ON THIS LINE 2. HAIR LINE 3. TRIANGLE OF NECK.
*CENTER LINE, THREE TYPES 1. STRAIGHT, PENCIL GLUED TO NOSE, GIVES PERPENDICULAR LINES OF FEATURES 2.CURVED 3. CONTOUR LINES
*EYES HALFWAY SKULL
*THREE EQUAL DIVISIONS 1. HAIRLINE AND BROW 2. BROW TO NOSE BASE 3. BASE NOSE TO BASE CHIN
*EAR ON LINE WITH EYES AND BASE NOSE
NECK
*CYCLINDER NECK FROM FIRST RIB UNDER PIT OF NECK, CYLINDER MODIFIED BY ADAM’S APPLE IN FRONT, STERNO-MAST. MUSCLE IN FRONT AND SIDE, TRAPEZIUS AND SPINE IN BACK
*NECK MOVES WITH HEAD
*STERNOMASTOID MUSCLE FROM EAR TO CLAVICLE HEAD, FORMS V-SHAPE
*TRAPEZIUS IN BACK( BANANA SHAPE)
*PIT BETWEEN TRAPEZIUS AND STERNOMASTOID
*ADAM’S APPLE( THYROID CARTILAGE) PROMINENT IN MALES, WOMENS NECK MORE ROUNDED
*TRIANGLE OF NECK FORMED BY 1.JAW LINE 2. STERNOMASTOID 3.HYOID BONE
*MOVEABLE CENTER LINE FROM CHIN TO PIT OF NECK
*BASE SKULL IN LINE WITH BASE NOSE
*C7(SEVENTH CERVICLE VERTEBRAE) PROMINENT, FIRST RIB BELOW
*SPINE, CENTER LINE
*CLAVICLES FROM STERNUM TO BUMP OF ACROMIUM PROCESS AT SPINE OF SCAPULA
*RIB CAGE FLATTENED EGG SHAPE SMALL END AT TOP
*STERNUM, FLAT BONE HALF WAY RIB CAGE
*TENTH RIB PROMINENT
*RIB CAGE PLANE BREAKS, FRONT AND BACK
HAND
*WRIST CONSISTS OF 8 SMALL BONES CALLED CARPALS, CONCIEVE AS QUARTER OF APPLE, SKIN SIDE TOUCHING RADIAL END
*METACARPALS LIE FANWISE IN PALM, EXCEPT THUMB RADIATE FROM POINT AT RADIAL END
*THIRD KNUCLE HALFWAY BETWEEN FINGER TIP AND RADIAL END
*LOOK FOR ROW OF KNUCLES
*WRIST CHANGES SHAPE, SOMETIMES ROUND OR FLAT
*FINGERS CONSIST OF 14 PHALANGES THUMB TWO PHALANGES
*EACH FINGER 3 PHALANGES,1.PROXIMAL(RINGS WORN),2.MEDIAN (WRAP ON DOORS),3.DISTAL (FINGERNAILS). PHALANGES 1 AND 2 EQUAL 3 IN LENGTH
*THIRD FINGER LONGEST
*THUMB JOINT ON LINE WITH KNUCKLES
*PALM LONGER THAN BACK HAND
*PALM LIKE SHALLOW WITH SQUARE SIDES
*BACK OF HAND BONY AND TENDINOUS
*HAND MAINLY BONES WITH TWO MUSCLES AT THUMB AND LITTLE FINGER SIDE
*NOTE LINES OF PALM
*BACK HAND PLANE BREAK ALONG METACARPAL 2
ARM
*HUMERUS HEAD BALL AND SOCKET JOINT, UNDER ACROMIUM PROCESS
*HUMERIS APPROX. TWO STERNUM\SCAPULA LENGTHS
*CONNECTS WITH ULNA (HINGE JOINT) AND RADIUS AT ELBOW
*ELBOW LEVEL WITH TWELTH RIB
*FLEXED ELBOW NOTE THREE BUMPS
*LOWER ARM SHORTER THAN UPPER
*ULNA AT ELBOW LIKE CLAW, GRASPS HUMERUS, IMPORTANT LANDMARK
*ULNA BUMP AT LITTLE FINGER SIDE, IMPORTANT LANDMARK
*ULNA SUPERFICIAL ENTIRE LENGTH, SEPERATES MUSCLE GROUPS
*RADIUS SLENDER AT ELBOW,AT WRIST LARGE TO JOIN WITH CARPALS
*SUPPINATION, BOTH BONES PARALLEL WITH THUMB FACING AWAY FROM BODY,PALM UP,SLENDER UPPER FOREARM
*PRONATION ,RADIUS ROTATES, INCLUDES SHOULDER
*UPPER LOWER ARM ROUNDED,AT WRIST END BLOCKLIKE
SKULL
*CRANIUM EGG SHAPE
*ORBITAL BROW LIKE STRETCHED “M”
*GLABELLA, DEPRESSION CENTER BROW
*BROW, BOLDER IN MALES
*OCCIPITAL BONE (BACK OF HEAD) PROTRUDES, CENTER LINE TO ATLAS
*TEMPERAL AREA, SLENDER ZYGOMATIC ARCH, NOTE EARHOLE AND MASTOID PROCESS
*FACE HANGS LIKE MASK
*PROMINENT CHEEK BONES,CREATS BALCONY ABOVE LOWER JAW
*NASAL BONE INVERTED HEART SHAPE, CREATS SLANTING ROOF
*MAXILLAE, UPPER JAW
*MANDIBULA,LOWER JAW,LOWER TEETH TAKE ROOT
*NOTE SMALL BUMPS EITHER SIDE CHIN MIDLINE
*BASE SKULL LEVEL WITH MID EAR
FACIAL HAIR
*1.MOUSTACHE 2.GOATEE 3.CENTER CHIN 4.CHEEK 5.SIDEBURNS 6.NECK
UPPER TORSO
*SPINE HAS 24 VERTEBRAE; 5LUMBER ( BETWEEN RIBS AND PELVIS, LARGEST, FLEXIBLE; STUDENTS OFTEN OMIT THESE!) 12 THORACIC (GIVES RISE TO RIBS, LEAST FLEXIBLE) 7 CERVICLE (MOST FLEXIBLE, PEDESTAL FOR SKULL)
*NOTE ATLAS ( CERV.1) AND VERTICAL PROMINENCE ( CRRV.7), IMPORTANT LANDMARK. SPINE SHOWS IN MID REGION
*THORAX (RIB CAGE) PROTECTS CHEST CAVITY, ANCHOR FOR MUSCLES
*RIBS WIDER THAN DEEPER,MAN IS ONLY ANIMAL THAT CAN LIE ON HIS BACK WITHOUT ROLLING OVER
*PLANE BREAK WHERE RIB BONE MEETS CARTILAGE
*THORACIC ARCH PROMINENT, MAY REACH 90 DEGREES
*STERNUN THRUSTS DOWN AND OUT
*EIGHTH RIB WIDEST
*BREATES IN MIDDLE THIRD RIB CAGE
*SCAPULA TRIANGULA SHAPE, SPINE OF SCAPULA PROMINENT, PARALLELS STERNUM
*GIVES SOCKET FOR HUMERUS
*SCAPULA JOINS CLAVICLE (ACROMIUM PROCESS), FORMS MOVEABLE SHOULDER GIRDLE, GLIDES OVER RIBS
*SCAPULA LAGS BEHIND HUMERUS ELEVATION TILL ARM RISES ABOVE THE HORIZONTAL THEN QUICKLY CATCHES UP
*CLAVICLE ONLY BONY CONNECTION BETWEEN ARM AND TRUNCK,LAST BONE TO OBTAIN FULL GROWTH,NOTE HOLLOWS ABOVE AND BELOW MIDDLE CLAVICLE
LOWER TORSO
*SPINE JOINS SACRUM AT NINETY DEGREES
SACRUM, TRIANGULAR SHAPE,HOLY BONE, BOUNDED ABOVE BY TWO DIMPLES (SACRAL DIMPLES) AND CLEFT BELOW ( COCCYX) ( END OF BUTTOCK SPLIT)
*COCCYX ON LINE WITH TOP OF GREAT TROCHANTER AND SYMPHISIS PUBIS BONE ,WHICH IS HALFWAY HEIGHT POINT
PELVIS
*HEIGHT APPROX. SKULL LENGTH, SEPERATES TORSO FROM LEGS (LIGUINAL LIGAMENT)
*NOTE PELVIC POINTS AND SYMPHASIS PUBIS FORM A TRIANGLE,
*ILIAC CREST VISIBLE, STRETCHES FROM PELVIC POINTS TO SACRAL DIMPLES
*MEN WIDEST AT GREAT TROCHANTER, WOMEN JUST BELOW DUE TO FATTY DEPOSITS
*WOMEN HAVE BROADER HIPS, ROUNDER ILIAC CRESTS, WIDER AND SHORTER SACRUMS
*PELVIC POINT ON SUPPORTING LEG ALWAYS HIGHER
*PELVIC GIRDLE MOVES AS AWHOLE
*MOVEABLE CENTER LINE, PIT OF NECK TO SYMPHASIS PUBIS
UPPER LEG
*FEMUR LARGEST BONE, OVER TWICE SKULL LENGTH, SLANTS INWARDS TO KNEE, VISABLE AT HIP AND KNEE, CONDYLES AT KNEE ARE SMOOTH, LARGE SWELLINGS THAT ARTICULATE WITH TIBIA (HINGE JOINT)
KNEE
*LARGEST JOINT , THINK OF TWO LARGE FISTS FACING EACH OTHER,
*PATELLA ( SAME SIZE AS THUMB AND INDEX FINGER JOINED) IS SESAMOID BONE ( BONE SUSPENDED IN TENDON), ARTICULATES WITH SMOOTH, INDENTED SURFACE OF FEMUR, CONNECTED TO TURBEROSITY OF TIBIA ( KNEELING POINT) WITH TENDON OF QUADRICEPS ( WHICH GIVES FLAT AREA ABOVE KNEE)
*INFRAPATELLA FAT BULGES BETWEEN TENDON AND JOINT
*FLEXION-TIBIA PULLS PLATELLA DOWN
*NOTE LONG TRIANGLE BETWEEN PATELLA AND TIBIA TURBEROSITY OF TIBIA (KNEELING POINT )
*BOTTOM PATELLA ON LINE WITH KNEE JOINT
*KNEE SHAPE;LOW INSIDE,HIGH OUTSIDE; NARROW FRONT, WIDE BEHIND;WIDER IN FEMALES
TIBIA
*PROMINENT AT KNEE, ALONG THE SHAFT AND INNER ANKLE
*TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION
FIBULAR
*FIBULAR HEAD SEEN AT THE END OF OUTER HAMSTRING OF KNEE(THREE QUARTERS FROM FRONT)
*MOSTELY HIDDEN(LIKE RADIUS), SEEN AT KNEE AND OUTER ANKLE
FOOT
*
EQUALS APPROX. ONE HEAD LENGTH
*7 TARSAL BONES FORM TARSAL ARCH; THE CALCANEUS FORMS THE HEEL
*TWO SYSTEMS TO DESCRIBE FOOT SHAPE;
1.OBLIQUE RIDING SYSTEM; FROM ANKLES TO BIG TOE
2.HORIZONTAL SUPPORT SYSTEM; FROM HEEL TO LITTLE TOE
*FOOT(TALUS) FORMS HINGE JOINT WITH INNER ANKLE(HIGHER,FORWARD) AND OUTER ANKLE(LOWER,BACK), ANKLE SITS LIKE SADDLE
*METATARSALS CONVERG TOWARDS HEEL
*BIG TOE METATARSAL SHORTEST
*METATARSAL HEAD IN BALL OF FOOT,HEADS OF 1 AND 5 PROMINENT
*METATARSALS 1-4 CLIMB UP TO RESPECTIVE TARSALS,LITTLE TOE HORIZANTAL
*FOOT’S LONGITUDINAL AND HORIZANTAL ARCHES SERVE AS SPRINGS AND SHOCK ABSORBERS
*LIKE HAND BONY ON TOP, THICK SKINNED,PADDED SOLE
*BIG TOE (#1) TURNS TO WATCH T\OTHER TOES, #2 LONGEST
*TOES HAVE 3 PHALANGES, EXCEPT BIG TOE
*TOES,MOVEABLE PART APPROX. ONE QUARTER FOOT LENGTH(COMPARE HAND)
*NOTE PEAK ON BIG TOE SIDE(TURBICLE OF NAVICULAR)
*JAMMING OF TOES,FROM SHOES, COMPRESSES TOES IN, MAKES METATARSAL HEAD OF BIG TOE PROTRUDE
*NOTE CREASE IN SHOES,ATROOT OF TOES DUE TO WALKING
